Defining Types Of Hotel Accommodations

Defining Types Of Hotel Accommodations A hotel could be defined as a commercial establishment that provides short and long term lodging facility Hotel Definition, 2000. The standard for basic hotel, in times past, consisting of a room with a bed, a cupboard, a small table and a washstand. Now, the hotel industries are improved by providing rooms with modern facilities, including suite bathrooms and air conditioning or climate control. Other general features found in hotel rooms are a telephone, a television, snack foods and drinks. Bigger hotels may provide a number of additional guest facilities such as a restaurant, a swimming pool or childcare, tennis court and multipurpose hall. Nowadays, hotels are classified into Star categories, different country has different Star rating requirement, the standards mentioned below are the essential requirement for Star rating. 1-Star hotel provides a limited range of amenities and services, but the hotel should follow the cleanliness standard. 2-Star hotel need to have a good accommodation and well-equipped bedrooms, each room must have a telephone and attached private bathroom. 3-Star hotel has more spacious rooms, decorated with high-class decorations and furnishings, and a color TV. The hotel also provides a bars or lounges. 4-Star hotel is much more comfortable and larger with excellent cuisine provided (table dhote and a la carte), room services, good furnishings, and other amenities. 5-Star hotel offers most luxurious premises, widest range of guest services, guest sport facilities such as swimming pool, tennis court, and gym are necessary, and many choices of restaurants that provides different cuisines. ( Hotel Definition, 2000) A hotel milestone had gone through several decades. During 1980s, a big expansion of hotel occurred, a Hotel Boom #3 which generated by innovative marketing and development of specialized types of hotel (hotel design, planning and development), with the development that time, many hotels were combining large-scale commercial complex with hotel. From the development too, the airport hotel, conference centers, all-suite hotels, vacation villages, health spas, ski lodges and condominium resorts are expanding rapidly all over the continents. In 1990s, a tourism were slowed by the Gulf War (2 August 1990 2 February 1991), also recession of 1991 gave a lowest financial record in hotel history. Few years after early 1990s, hotel industry sector were restored into the normal condition, Hotel Boom #4 that generated by the new advanced technology, imaginative design and the successful marketing of mass customization of hotels, resorts, and leisure time amenities (Walter A. Rutes et al. 2001). After going for several decades of hotel industry developments and trends, now it is easy to find new types of hotel and people also now trying to invent new model of hotel in order to create new trend. These are some types of hotels found as below: Super Luxury Hotel In the hotel world, term luxury has a lot of definitions, it could be unique, personage, special service, elite customer, impressive settings and decorations, impeccable service, and elegant architecture. This hotel provides a private world of rare and refined beauty where the art of personalize service is conducted with efficiency and assurance. The super luxury hotel reputations and qualities are depending on the management style of the hotel owner and its staff. Security and privacy are the essential features of super-luxury hotels and also an advanced technology will produce ever more sophisticated systems, high technology systems as electronic door locks, surveillance cameras and window sensors would add guests peace of mind. Most of the super-luxury hotels derive their luxurious character from the superb historical buildings the occupied, The Lanesborough, London, England is one of the hotels that became a national landmark, and formerly the building of this hotel was a hospital. The entrance lobbies from most of super luxury hotels are elegant and definitely shows the residential character. The Four Seasons Hotel New York, the first major chain hotel that achieved super-luxury status, gives an exception to the rule with regard the scale of the lobby. Three separate desks were designed for the lobby; reception, concierge and cashier. Meanwhile, the guestrooms and suites of the super-luxury hotels are fully detail design and furnishings. Each room were equipped with bedside controls that allows guest to open or close drapes, turn on a discreet privacy sign or call a maid service. The bathrooms of a super-luxury hotels now exceed one-third of the overall room size, with a multiple head showers with ten-button controls and automatic temperature settings, marble vanity with two porcelain basins and brass fittings, heated fog-free mirror and heated towel bars. Specialty suites offer deep whirlpool baths with windows facing the spectacular view. (Walter A. Rutes et al. 2001) Casino Hotel Casino hotel defined as a combination of a lodging establishment with the casino gaming. Most of casino hotels are providing not just an accommodation and a casino, but there are some entertainments such as the circus show, dance and singing show, clubs, lots of food and beverage outlets, theme park, shopping areas and many other attractions. With the entertainments provided for the guests, casino hotel have became one of the most favorite destination to the customer because the guest could get the whole things in one destination. The Flamingo, who was built in Las Vegas, USA and is the first casino hotel, was totally attracting customer. In that time, Las Vegas desert were transformed into the worlds largest multifaceted resort and that was when casino hotel became one of tourist destination. After that, the trends of casino hotel have expanded widely thorough every continent. In USA, Treasure Island and The Mirage hotel were built, by providing a total of 130,000 rooms, special theme, superb attractions, and many more. From that moment, the Four Seasons Hotel, Bellagio and The Venetian also enter the market of casino hotel in Las Vegas. The Palace of the Lost City which located in South Africa, who gives a fundamental design that involving the architects of WATG and raised the art conceiving themes and authentic detailing and blended design with the natural and cultural environment. Hyatt Regency Tamaya that located in New Mexico exemplifies new casino resort with a concept of museum. In Asia Region, Genting Highland which located in Malaysia is the famous casino hotel among Asian, the company who develop the Genting Resort is Resort World, this company has another two casino hotels located in Singapore and Manila. Most of the casino hotel rooms are larger and more luxuriously planned and appointed than suburban or downtown hotels, but there are casino some casino hotels that offer small room and breakfast only, but this offer also comes with a good price, this small room offer usually used to attract teenagers and small or middle income guest. A unique model is located at the end of the guestroom tower floors, semicircular in plan, offering a panoramic bay window view from the sunny living room By providing a casino, casino hotel has a greater ratio of nonrevenue-producing space than any other hotel type like high-roller suites and villas that exclusively provided for high-stake players, star-suites for famous entertainers, and a cuisine hold tables permanently reserved in restaurants on or near the gaming area for quick service for the high-rollers who wants to use its maximum time on gaming. For the convention facilities, because of the trends of combining large trade shows with related corporate and association conventions, todays 1,000-room and larger casino hotels more than meet the requirements of the convention market. The groups, including family incentive groups, increasingly look to meet at a resort location, as a result of this trends, casino hotels adds another extras addition like theme parks, small luxury signature restaurants and several more sophisticated, rather than merely larger, entertainment programs position casino hotels to increase their penetration of the convention market. (Walter A. Rutes et al. 2001) Resorts Resorts defined as an establishment used for relaxation or recreation, mostly operated by a single company or a chain company. Resorts attempts to provide its customer wants while their customers remain in the premises, some of the provided things are swimming pool, food, drink, entertainment, and shopping. Main visual features that people focus on resorts are the landscaping, natural environment, and the building finishes. There are several types of resorts with every special characteristic of each type, it is listed as below: Beach, Golf and Tennis Resorts This type of resorts provides a beach, golf and tennis in one place, also most of this resort comes with the spectacular views, water sports, and fresh air. Such resort amenities also attract the typical business travelers who sometimes choose this kind of resort over a downtown or suburban hotels. Corporate groups now also prefer resorts for business gatherings, as their more relaxed atmosphere promotes teamwork and closer personal contacts. Besides beach, swimming pool also becomes one of the essential in beach, golf and tennis resorts. Since guests spend more time in public pool than a public space, swimming pools will affects guests overall impression of the resort. Factors that need to be concerned for Beach, Golf and Tennis Resorts are: Preparing environmental and other analyses and keep clear documentation at every different stage Identify the government agency responsible for approving various aspects of the project Obtain copies of all legal requirements, necessary permits, or technical standards applying to projects Monitor construction and proactively seek government inspection and approval at each stage. Vacation Village

Business Project

Mike Wardingley Define the term â€Å"the learning organization. †Ã‚   In what ways can the principles of the learning organization strategically impact an organization? A learning organization is one that: -Seeks to create its own future. -Assumes learning is an ongoing and creative process for its members. -Develops, adapts and transforms itself in response to the needs and aspirations of people, both inside and outside itself. – Allows people at all levels, individually and collectively, to continually increasing their capacity to produce results they really care about.A company that cares about development and their future will be a learning organization. Wide profit margins are great but a great company will not only worry about the bottom line, but the personal and professional development of their employees as well. An atmosphere of learning and improvement will also help spurn new and improved processes. Google has become a company that allows the employees to c ontinually improve and fosters creative thinking. The work environment is relaxed and the perks allow the employees to be free thinkers.Companies that put effort and money into the development of their employees will see a much bigger return in the end. Tuition assistance, college loan repayment programs, and during work learning opportunities will keep the employees happy as well as constantly developing into more educated and productive workers. Using the Internet, research the Small Business Administration’s website (www. sba. gov). What different types of financing are available to small firms? Besides financing, what other programs are available to support the growth and development of small businesses?The types of financing that are available to new small businesses are: * Loans * Grants * Bonds * Venture Capital In addition to the financing options, the Small Business Administration has set up a large number of other forms of assistance to make sure a new business has all the tools necessary to succeed. There is an online training program that will help an owner with starting, managing, financing, and contracting the new business venture. The Small Business Administration has also developed programs to help other types of new business owners.The Women’s Business Center was set up to help women start and maintain a successful business. The Veteran’s Business Center was created to help US Military veterans start a new fresh start after leaving military service. The US Export Assistance Center was established to help small businesses with the difficult task of beginning new exports to other countries. This difficult process is tough but made much easier with the help of the SBA. The SBA is a free resource that can help you develop a new business plan and then make a move to start your business and set you up for success.Define the term â€Å"emotional intelligence (EI). †Ã‚   What are the key elements of EI? Why is so important to successful strategic leadership? Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the capacity to reason about emotions, and of emotions to enhance thinking. It includes the abilities to accurately perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth.The four key elements are: 1. Self Awareness 2. Self Management 3. Social Awareness 4. Relationship Management A good manager knows not only who he/she is, but also who each one of their employees is as well. Not just that they have a wife and 2 kids, but knows about what makes them who they are. The likes/dislikes, the personality, the past, and the future goals should be vitally important. This is key to making sure the work center is productive and free of hostility.While opinions will differ, too much dissention and strife can kill not only office camaraderie but production as well. Fosteri ng healthy work relationships can also ensure that office cohesiveness stays on track. While the consequences of unhealthy relationships can be very costly, developing good and healthy relationships with employees can pay off in the end. Knowing each employee on a personal basis can help you better know how to interact with each employee and get the most productivity in return.

Learning Pronouns - Beginner Level ESL Lesson Plan

The use of pronouns often seeps into the lessons in a number of different aspects: Subject pronouns are discussed when forming and conjugating sentences in the various tenses, object pronouns are introduced through questions words such as who or by a discussion of transitive and intransitive verbs, possessive pronouns and adjectives also get thrown into the mix by discussing the question word whose, or when pointing out how the possessive adjective modifies the noun. I find it helpful to to wrap all these together in a single lesson, as well as the demonstrative pronouns this, that, these and those to help students understand the relationship between the various forms. The lesson comes in two parts: First, students review, identify and create a pronoun chart. Next, students begin to use the pronouns to refer to objects that they have placed on a table. Finally, once students have become relatively comfortable with using personal pronouns, they can add demonstrative pronouns to the mix. Here is an outline of the lesson. This lesson can be used as a means of review, or, as an introduction to the various uses of pronouns (and the possessive adjective) for exceptionally motivated classes. Aim: Develop a deeper understanding of personal and demonstrative pronouns Activity: Chart fill-in, personal object questioning Level: Beginning to lower-intermediate Outline: Reviewing the Forms with a Chart Write four sentences on the board each containing a different type of pronoun (or possessive adjective), preferably using the same person. For example:He has an interesting book.Give him that interesting book.Thats his interesting book.That interesting book is his.Point out the grammatical differences in form between each of these forms. If students have never studied these forms before in an overview, print out this pronoun chart or write on the board.Using the same sentence with minor variations, go through each pronoun and possessive form for various subjects. Ask students to provide the correct change for each sentence as a class.Once students have become comfortable with these changes, ask them to fill out the first chart providing the correct pronoun or adjective form. Understanding Demonstrative Pronouns Now that the explicit learning has been accomplished, its time for some fun. Place a table at the front or in the middle of the classroom.Ask each student to provide an object or objects on the table.Begin asking questions using the objects. At this point it is also a good idea to introduce the idea of demonstrative pronouns. First model the questions and answers: For example:Teacher: Whose is this backpack here? - That is Marcos backpack there.Is this Annas pencil? - No, that isnt Annas pencil.etc.Explain that this and that are used with single objects, these and those are used in the plural. Point out that this and these are used with objects that are here (or close by), and that and those are used objects there (or far away). Phrases such as this - here / that - there are helpful.Continue asking questions with this and these eliciting students responses of these and those. Real World Task to Tie it All Together Ask students to come forward and choose an item which does not belong to them. Each student should create four sentences about the object(s) they choose. For example:This is Annas pencil.She has a pencil.It is her pencil.The pencil is hers.I give her the pencil.(student walks over and hands the item back)Feel free to model this a few times until the students understand what is expected.Repeat with different personal objects. The activity of getting up and retrieving items while using the various forms will help students acquire the grammar through real world application. Pronoun Chart Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun I you his hers its none we your theirs

The Global Impact of Asthma - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 413 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Asthma Essay Did you like this example? Asthma is a respitory disease that is characterized by the inflammation of the airways (bronchi) which causes recurring episodes of the sensatation of the lack of air (dyspnea), whistles in the chest during respiration (wheezing), a cough and tightness in the chest. The respitory function tests (spiromatry) in the moment of a crisis demonstrates the airflow obstruction that significantly improves, if not completely with a bronchodilator. (University Clinic of Navarra) In celebration of World Asthma Day, the world initiative for Asthma (GINA) has revealed the results of the Report about the Global Impact of Asthma. The investigation highlights the work of this disease that is directly related to what we understand today as the development of countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Global Impact of Asthma" essay for you Create order The growth rate has accelerated in Recent times which reflects the 25% increase of asthma cases in the United States each decade since the 70s, and a prevalence rate of 10.9% withtin the population, making this country the third largest in number of cases after the United Kingdom (15.3%) and Canada (14.1%). The country which has produced the greatest increase in cases is Australia, where 25% of children now suffer from the sickness. Spain, where 5.7% of residents are affected, is situated below Germany and France, but above Italy. The relationship between the increased prevelance of the disease and urbanization reveals a predicatbale increase of the impact of asthma if taken into consdieration the expected increase in the worlds urban population being 45% now and 59% in 2025. GINA has expressed, before this data, the necessity of communicating all around the world a call of attention to both patients and professionals to reduce the impact of asthma, and explained that this disease is a sufficiently important enough problem to be considered as a priority in sanitary politics in all governments around the world. Alongside the lack of information and economic problems, the lack of specialists and strategies based off symptoms, the organization has indicated that in order to reduce the impact of astham there are environmental barriers such as contamination of air, tobacco smoke, and occupational exposure. The slogan of World Day of Asthma this year will be The impact of Asthma and, alongside the reuqired actions needed to mitigate the forseeable increase, GINA considers how to facilitate access to medicatins, recognizing the sickness as an important cause of death, promoting programs to reduce tobacco consumption, integrating international respitory directives and investigating the causes of this pathology. (Adapted from www.diariomedico.com) Temas de salud Editorial Edinumen, 2009 pp. 84-86 (Health Themes Edinumen Editorial, 2009 pp 84-86)?

Using the Strengths-Based Model for Social Work Practice...

Utilizing strengths based perspective with clients enables social workers to focus on the client and family strengths and abilities instead of focusing on the client and family’s problems, bad behaviors and pathologies. The strengths based perspective applies six principles that guide the social worker professional in assisting client’s with the strengths based model; we all have areas of strength, but sometimes it takes an unbiased third party to notice and help others clearly see what they are capable of achieving, even in the midst of their crisis. Every Individual, Group, Family and Community Has Strengths Weick (1992) states â€Å"every person has an inherent power that may be characterized as life force, transformational capacity,†¦show more content†¦18). Trauma and Abuse, Illness and Struggle May Be Injurious, but They May also be sources of challenge and opportunity Many people come to social workers with a victim mentality, feeling helpless and without a future based on their past. They have been discouraged, beat down and made to feel broken. Being a victim of abuse, trauma, toxic relationships or a victim of assault are all unfortunate circumstances, but they can be overcome. It may seem like a challenge, but it is possible with assistance and God. As social workers we are to provide client’s who have experienced repeated trauma with support and resources to assist them in their journey to a hopeful life. Painful experiences seem to get the best of us at times, but focusing on the client’s ability to survive these horrific events can give the client just the push they need to see that they are a survivor. Helping the client to realize their own strengths and skills used to overcome their trauma, instead of focusing on the trauma itself, is a powerful way to help clients achieve a positive outcome. Kisthardt (1992) states â€Å"intervention will work best when there is â€Å"an orientation to, and appreciation of, the uniqueness, skills, interests, hopes, and desires of each consumer, rather than a categorical litany of deficits† (p. 60-61). Kaplan and Girard (1994) state â€Å"people will be motivated to change and grow when their strengths areShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay : Generalist Social Work Practice1192 Words   |  5 PagesGeneralist Social Work Practice Dating back to the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century two women who impacted the field of social work and its beginning were Jane Addams and Mary Richmond. 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Dow Pbb Free Essays

Dow Chemical By Kai Draaisma Laurens de Blij Diedrik Oost Eva Sloff Lesley Flohil 13-11-2012 Duisenberg School of Finance Executive summary 1. Summary of Facts. With an annual revenue of $20. We will write a custom essay sample on Dow Pbb or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 billion Dow held the leading market position worldwide in ethylene and polyethylene (exhibit 1b). To consolidate all of Bahia Blanca’s polyethylene activity under Dow’s control a three-stage plan was developed. The first stage involved taking control of PBB, the second stage involved acquiring Polisur’s two polyethylene plants, and the third stage involved building a new ethylene cracker. To determine a proper risk premium Dow had to consider possible country risks. Currency and government policy risk may have had an impact because of possible future crises and changing government policies relevant to foreign investments. Furthermore, because of the ending of the convertibility law Dow also had to consider a possible exchange-rate risk. Dow created a holding company, Dow Investment Argentina, to invest in the project, then they had to decide whether they will use general corporate funds or raise debt for the PBB bid. 2. Statement of problem . 1General analysis Rational for Acquisition of PBB Dow Chemical’s corporate strategy is to look for horizontal- and vertical integration, achieve technological leadership and gain international presence. Dow will benefit from a more integrated production process by lowering their cost of production. PBB will also create stable supplies of ethane for Dow allowing them to achieve operating rates near 100%. Cracking ethane in the region will result in lower operating risk for Dow meaning the supply/input risk for the production of Polyethylene. An increase in the production output of Dow will allow them to benefit from economies of scale. Overall Dow will gain technology leadership and operational excellence from adding PBB to their company and enhance them with a costleader position in the market required to compete with the government-subsidized chemical complexes. Risk measurement In this section we provide a brief risk analysis. Table 1 is designed to give a compact overview of the different risks, possible mitigating actions and whether the risks are integrated in the cash flow or discount rate. Not every risk was applicable in the acquisition of PBB. The risk that influenced our cash flows the most is the currency risk caused by a possible liquidity crisis in Argentina. Argentina has experienced eight major currency crises (tijd/reference)and there is a risk of a new currency crisis in the future. When this happens, Dow will not be able to sell its output to the home country and will have to increase its export. Revenue de We have also taken into account that the convertibility law that now provides stability could eventually stop. This will also have a significant impact on inflation. Operating risk is the second risk with a large impact on projected cash flows. This is mostly the risk of not meeting the full operating capacity. For the first 3 years we keep the operating rate of the plant at 65% and from 1995 we increase the operating rate by 5% each year. Other risks had less of an impact on our cash flows. Information risk was less of an issue because Dow was already present in Argentina and PBB was important to the government of Argentina. Corporate Governance risk in Argentina is not expected to have a significant additional impact on cash flows. This risk is already included in the discount rate for similar projects in the US. Table 1: Risk overview| Risk| Mitigating actions| Cash Flow (CF) or Discount rate (DR)| Corruption risk| 1. Have a large bank loan from a national bank. 2. Government stake of 49% here is a mitigating factor | DR| Expropriation risk| Same actions as for corruption risk| CF (tax wil increase 5%)| Operating risk (only post/ completion risks )| n/a| CF| Sovereign risk| Through the convertibility law, the peso has been anchored to the USD to prevent hyperinflation. | DR| Currency/ Foreign exchange risk| 1. Dow is a well diversified investor, therefore this should be mitigated. 2. Buy put options on the Arg peso. | CF| Corporate Governance risk| Give shares to management to align incentives. | DR| Repatriation risk| Current political climate is stable, not likely that Arg will impose limits on fund outflows. | DR| Information Risk| Dow Chemical already has presence in Argentina, therefore are more likely to receive high quality information. | n/a| Adjusted discount rate All risks that are not used for adjusting cash flows are integrated in the adjusted discount rate. These risks include but are not limited to corruption risk, information risk, hyperinflation, sovereign risk, repatriation risk and other residual risks. These risks are partly mitigated, however all the different risks combined constitute a premium which we will add on to the the given discount rate for similar projects in the US of 8%-10%. A reasonable assumption for the combined premium will be [ ]. The auumed premium results in a discount rate of [ ] which we will use in our further valuation. 4. Recommendation Bidding decision Competing bidders need to comply with certain covenants (exhibit 6). Competitors Perez Companc S. A. and Copesul do not comply with the requirements of having a statement of net worth of at least 5 billion. Even if the two companies would merge they do not meet the the requirements. This makes Dow the sole bidder for PBB. This has a profound impact on the internal valuation. Appendix 1 Risk Information risk. When you are doing a cross-border valuation you have to take into account that there may be information risk. This includes the risk of outside investors getting the wrong information because of poor disclosure in the financial statements. However since Dow entered Argentina in 1957 we assume they are familiar with the market and accounting rules, therefore information risk for this project is low as Dow chemical has already collected country experience in Argentina via Dow Quimica. Because this is difficult to quantify we have taken this into account in our discount rate. Corruptionrisk. The risk of corruption includes the illegal payments and favors outside the rule of law. Corruption exists to some extent in all countries, but there are large differences across countries. According to the Global Corruption Index by Transparancy international, the level of corruption for Argentina in 1995 was given a 5. 24 out of a possible score of 10. This gave them a ranking of 24 out of 42 countries surveyed. All of which were assumed to be developed countries. However, Dow somehow secured itself thanks to PBB’s importance and the Argentine government’s intention to keeps 49% which is an advantage and not a disadvantage. The Argentine government will also appreciate the jobs being created in the later project stages, if successful, and a good relationship with the government willlikely also be beneficial when discussing with YPF about long-term ethane supply. Mitigation: Part of this risk can be mitigated by taking a loan in Argentina to finance the project as the government will not want Dow to default on their debt resulting in an overall bad outcome for Argentina’s economic situation. Furthermore part of this risk is mitigated as the government has a stake in the company so it is also in their interest to keep the company strong. Currency risk: As Argentina has experienced 8 major currency crises in the past there is the risk of a new currency crisis occuring in the future. Even though the convertibility law took away some of the risk, Dow will still have to bear in mind that when a crises happen, they will not be able to sell their output to the home country and will have to increase its export. This risk is taken into account in the cashflows. Expropriation risk. Political instability or expropriation is small as they company has had a stable democratic government past 12 years. However, changes in the policy of the government will cause a risk for Dow and their foreign investments. At that moment there were no restrictions on borrowing abroad and there were no limits imposed on payments of foreign loan principal and interest. If something changes in this regulations it may have an effect on the acquisition of Dow. For this reason we will also include this risk in our discount rate. Furthermore the government has no limits on cash flows going out of their country but can eventually decide to do so. We consider the risk of the government taking over the company to be low as the production of polyethylene and deriving ethylene from hydrocarbon crackers is complex. This is a process for skilled people and not just anyone can therefore run the company properly. The risk of expropriation is therefore low. As the production of ethylene and derivatives such as polythylene is a highly complicated process, requiring large captial investment and a high operating leverage, not many companies will be able and willing to take over the business. Furthermore as Polythylene is a commodity product that trades globally with a narrow price range. Mitigation:Dow can decrease the risk exposure by taking on a loan in Argentina to finance their project. This will decrease the risk exposure as Dow can only default on their debt when the government decides to raise taxes, which will not lead to a company default. Foreign Exchange Rate Risk. Foreign Exhange rate risk will be low because of Dow Chemical’s international presence and the assumption that shareholders are sufficiently diversified. The convertibility law which ensured a fixed Argentine peso and U. S. dollar at exactly one already decrease the foreign exchange rate risk. However we need to take into account the risk that the convertibility law might come to an end. Mitigation: The risk can be decreased by setting up binding financial contracts with the governmetn to make sure the deal will happen. Furthermore Dow could decide to place a put option on the peso to protect themselves when the peso collapses. Operating risk Pre-completion: as the project is already completed there is no risk concerning the technology risks or other completion risk. Post-completion: we have included the post-completion risk in our cashflows as we run the risk of not meeting the full operating capacity. For the first 3 years we keep the operating rate of the plant at 65% and from 1995 we increase the operating rate by 5% each year. As the company provides their own input this risk does not need to be taken into account. Operating risk would likely matter but we handled that risk by adjsuting down our casfhlows in stage 1 so we do not take it into account for adjusting our cost of capital Sovereign risk Politcal events suchs as wars, labor strikes, terrorism and changes in laws can happen in any country you work with and therefore needs to be taken into account. Since it is hard to quantify this risk we have handled it through the discount rate. Appendix 2 | | Source: Erb, Harvey Viskanta, ‘Poltical risk,Economic risk and Financial risk’, Fuqua School of Business Working Paper No. 9606, 1996. | ——————————————– [ 1 ]. For broader explanation of the different risks see Appendix 1 [ 2 ]. According to the Global Corruption Index by Transparancy international the level of corruption for Argentina in 1995 was given a 5. 24 out of a possible score of 10. This gave them a ranking of 24 out of 42 countries surveyed. All of which were developed countries more or less. Source: http://archive. transparency. org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/previous_cpi [ 3 ]. See Appendix 1 for an explanation of the mitigating factors of the before mentioned risks [ 4 ]. This conclusion was reached byTaking the ‘total assets’ as net worth on the financial statements of Perez on Copesul (exhibit 8a 8b). How to cite Dow Pbb, Essay examples

Management of Menopause Symptoms Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management of Menopause Symptoms. Answer: Introduction Menopause is an aeging process and typically occurs in both men and women at approximately 49-52 years of age. Male menopause is the more commonly referred to as andropause. The term is generally used to describe male hormonal changes that are related to increasing age. The condition is also known as late-onset hypogonadism or androgen deficiency. It involves a drop in testosterone production (Cunningham, 2013). On the other hand, the cessation of menstrual periods in females is referred to as menopause. It involves loss of follicles from the ovary (Murphy et al., 2013). This condition can also arise due to surgical removal of ovaries. The follicles present in the ovary lose their capability to respond to the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). A particular population survey conducted in the United Arab Emirates showed that the 48 years was the mean age for incidence of natural menopause, and it was lower than the mean age observed among people living in the West (Hamid et al., 2014). Another study showed that women living in the UAE reported less severity and fewer symptoms of menopause than women living in the western countries (Hamid et al., 2014).The assignment will illustrate the observable signs and symptoms of menopause, the data from several laboratory studies and the various treatment or interventions used to prevent its occurrence. It will further illustrate the future nursing implications to treat this condition in clinical settings. Therefore, it will help in providing a deeper understanding of the services that need to be employed to treat menopause and promote the holistic wellbeing of the target population. Symptoms Menopause is considered as a natural change. The periods generally become irregular before the incidence of menopause. The most common symptoms are observed in the form of vasomotor symptoms orhot flashes that last from 30 seconds to 10 minutes. The hot flashes are often associated with sweating, shivering,and reddening of skin, and are reported by more than 80% of women experiencing menopause. Other observable symptoms includetrouble in sleeping, sexual difficulties, vaginal dryness, itching, urine leakage, decreased libido, and mood changes (Altaweel Alharbi, 2012). Menopause increases the likelihood of getting affected with atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction. Some of the common risk factors that contribute to the condition are hypertension, tobacco smoking, increased body weight and increasedblood lipids. The risk for osteoporosis andosteopenia also rises (Topatan Y?ld?z, 2012). Hormonal fluctuations give rise to several psychological changes like irritability, mood swings, increasing anxiety, poor memory and lack of concentration. The UAE census conducted in 2010 reported that there were 468,888 Emirati women of whom 83,784 were from Dubai. At least 50% of the population was female (222,875). The census reports revealed that life expectancy is 39.4 years at 45 49 years and 34.4 years at 50 54 years (Dsc.gov.ae, 2017). Thus, it can be deduced that women live one-third of their lives beyond the incidence of menopause. Diagnosis People are often advised to undergo the Follicle-stimulating hormone test is by doctors to assess the levels of estrogen and FSH. An increase in FSH levels and decrease in estrogen levels are generally observed. The Greene Climateric Scale is aquestionnairetool used byto study menopausesymptoms. Furthermore, doctors often test for lipid profile, where an abnormal increase in low density lipoproteins (LDL) and decrease in high density lipoproteins (HDL) show an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases. Performing thyroid function tests exclude the occurrence of thyroid diseases because they share some common symptoms with menopause. Swabs are used to check pH levels of the vagina. This is due to the fact that vaginal pH levels increase to 6 during menopause (Panda et al., 2014). Treatment Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is used as the standard treatment for menopause. This therapy is used to control to the psychological, vasomotor and urogenital irregularities, and osteoporosis. The routes of administration of this therapy are subcutaneous, oral, intravaginal, transdermal and intrauterine. It is most effective in treating hot flashes. However, the risks of blood clots and stroke increase upon its use (Fantasia Sutherland, 2014). The therapy has also proved effective in treating osteoporoticfracture and bone loss. Moreover, there is a concern that this therapy can increase incidence of ovarian cancer, breast cancer and cardiovascular disease among postmenopausal women. The symptoms associated with menopause are also treated by acupuncture. Results from a randomized controlled pilot study also showed that Chinese herbal medicine and acupuncture were successful in reducing hot flushes and improving quality of life among postmenopausal women (Nedeljkovic et al., 2014). Recent studies provide evidence for the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to treat menopause symptoms. A systemic review conducted in Saudi Arabia reported improvements in vasomotor symptoms and severity of hot flashes with the use of SSRI such as, fluoxetine and venlafaxine (Shams et al., 2014). Some of the commonly used GABA analogs to treat hot flashes are pregabalin and gabapentin (Imai et al., 2013). The effects of yoga on menopausal symptoms were demonstrated by a randomized controlled trial that showed improvement of menopause related insomnia symptoms among women who practiced yoga for 12 weeks (Newton et al., 2014). Prevention and lifestyle modifications- Natural menopause cannot be prevented. However, certain lifestyle changes can be adopted that can delay onset of early menopause. Factors such as, high intake of dietary fat, smoking, high cholesterol, and caffeine consumption accelerate the onset of the physiological phenomenon. Hence, there should be a reduction in alcohol and cigarette consumption and women should consume food rich in calcium and vitamin D to avoid occurrence of menopause related osteoporosis. Balanced diet, regular exercise and maintenance of body weight will also help to prevent the incidence of cardiovascular disorders (Gold et al., 2013). A reduction in alcohol consumption also helps to reduce hot flashes and disturbances in sleep patterns. Nursing assistance Nurses, working in menopause clinics play a vital role in informing women about menopause symptoms and its management.. Nurses are responsible for assisting women to understand the potential health implications of menopause management. They formulate and lead several specialist menopause services and works towards ensuring that the services produce good patient outcomes (Sewerynek et al., 2013). It is of utmost importance to allow the patients to express their attitude and feelings about menopause. Nurses are involved in taking consultations that include psychological, physical and historical assessments. Referrals and counselling are taken by them to advise patients on complementary therapies and lifestyle modifications that will optimize long-term health outcomes. Their role requires them to encourage patients to exercise for 30 minutes, thrice a week. They also assist the patients to maintain a healthy diet rich in fresh vegetables, fruits and whole grains. Patients are advised to consume food that is low in fatty acid content. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be stated that menopause is a physiological event that occurs among all aging population. However its symptoms and degree of impact on the quality of life vary among individuals. There are several environmental and lifestyle factors that can affect that age of onset of menopause. Most common symptoms are observed in the form of physical and psychological changes. Hot flashes are most commonly seen. One of the widely prevalent management techniques is hormone replacement therapy, in addition to use of SSRI. Future recommendations These include conduction of educational sessions that provides adequate information on the age of onset, symptoms, risk factors, management and lifestyle changes to cope with menopause. Psychological assessments will help in considering and addressing individual needs. Group discussion will also provide assistance to people to discuss on their experiences, negative emotions and coping strategies related to menopause. Thus, it can be concluded that nurses play an essential role in screening women for menopause symptoms and teaching them the different management options. References Altaweel, W., Alharbi, M. (2012). Urinary incontinence: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on health related quality of life in Saudi women.Neurourology and urodynamics,31(5), 642-645. Cunningham, G. (2013). Andropause or male menopause? Rationale for testosterone replacement therapy in older men with low testosterone levels.Endocrine Practice,19(5), 847-852. Dsc.gov.ae. (2017).Home.Dsc.gov.ae. Retrieved 3 November 2017, from https://www.dsc.gov.ae/en-us Fantasia, H. C., Sutherland, M. A. (2014). Hormone therapy for the management of menopause symptoms.Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing,43(2), 226-235. Gold, E. B., Crawford, S. L., Avis, N. E., Crandall, C. J., Matthews, K. A., Waetjen, L. E., ... Harlow, S. D. (2013). Factors related to age at natural menopause: longitudinal analyses from SWAN.American journal of epidemiology,178(1), 70-83. Hamid, S., Al-Ghufli, F. R., Raeesi, H. A., Al-Dhufairi, K. M., Al-Dhaheri, N. S., Al-Maskari, F., ... Shah, S. M. (2014). Womens knowledge, attitude and practice towards menopause and hormone replacement therapy: a facility based study in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad,26(4), 448-54. Imai, A., Matsunami, K., Takagi, H., Ichigo, S. (2013). New generation nonhormonal management for hot flashes.Gynecological Endocrinology,29(1), 63-66. Murphy, M. M., Verjee, M. A., Bener, A., Gerber, L. M. (2013). The hopeless age? A qualitative exploration of the experience of menopause in Arab women in Qatar.Climacteric,16(5), 550-554. Nedeljkovic, M., Tian, L., Ji, P., Dglon-Fischer, A., Stute, P., Ocon, E., ... Ausfeld-Hafter, B. (2014). Effects of acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine (Zhi Mu 14) on hot flushes and quality of life in postmenopausal women: results of a four-arm randomized controlled pilot trial.Menopause,21(1), 15-24. Newton, K. M., Reed, S. D., Guthrie, K. A., Sherman, K. J., Booth-LaForce, C., Caan, B., ... Cohen, L. S. (2014). Efficacy of yoga for vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trial.Menopause (New York, NY),21(4), 339. Panda, S., Das, A., Santa Singh, A., Pala, S. (2014). Vaginal pH: A marker for menopause.Journal of mid-life health,5(1), 34. Sewerynek, E., Horst-Sikorska, H., St?pie?-K?os, W., Antkowiak, A., Janik, M., Cie?lak, K., ... Stuss, M. (2013). The role of counselling and other factors in compliance of postmenopausal osteoporotic patients to alendronate 70 therapy.Archives of medical science: AMS,9(2), 288. Shams, T., Firwana, B., Habib, F., Alshahrani, A., AlNouh, B., Murad, M. H., Ferwana, M. (2014). SSRIs for hot flashes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.Journal of general internal medicine,29(1), 204-213. Topatan, S., Y?ld?z, H. (2012). Symptoms experienced by women who enter into natural and surgical menopause and their relation to sexual functions.Health care for women international,33(6), 525-539.